... that power must be shared. The standard economic analysis of what gave a particular union the power to raise the pay and benefits of its members was propounded by the eminent English economist Alfred Marshall toward the end of the 19th century. Marshall theorized that the strength of a union depended upon four factors. First, demand for the product should be inelastic, so that there is little, if any, decline in sales in response to price increases. Second, labor costs should be a small portion of the total costs of production, so that a rather large increase in wages would generate only a small increase in th ...

... led an army of 640,000 troops onto Russian soil. The Grand Army, as it was called, was three times the size of Russia’s army (77-78). Most of his army was separated into three main armies. He led a group of about 220,000 himself. About 80,000 men were led by Prince Eugene de Beauharnais to the right rear of Napoleon. Further to the rear was a third group, also of about 80,000 men, led by Napoleon’s brother Jerome (Lefebvre 311-312). The Russian forces were led by field marshal Mikhail Kutuzov. In the beginning, the French won most of the battles, using pontoon bridges to cross the numerous rivers and st ...

... to increase dramatically (Pach and Richardson, 53). Another legacy leftover from the Truman days was that of the Fair Deal domestic program. Although Truman found much opposition to his programs in Congress he managed to get several things done. Such as a public housing bill, an expansion of social security coverage, and increased minimum wages. The Republican party was not in favor of the majority of this legislation. Thus when Eisenhower was elected they immediately made plans for cutbacks in the spending on these programs. Unfortunately for them the newly elected president was not opposed to th ...

... oppressed people to fight for their independence in the French-Indochina war. 7 Ho Chi Min, a leader of the Communist party, organized the Vietnamese independence movement, Viet Minh. Asking for support from America first, Ho Chi Min did not want to have to turn to communist support for the freedom of his people. Since the United States viewed helping Ho gain his independence from France as a move against their own allies, they declined. It was only after Russia and China offered to help that Ho adopted communist ideals and wanted to make all of Vietnam communist. The Vietnam war started simply because Ho Chi Min and ...

... Men and most women assumed that because women gave birth and produced milk for their infants, God intended that their place was in the home. Men’s egos, as well, did not allow for women to compete with them. Males thought their place was to rule, fight wars, provide income, teach and be the head of his family. Women were not accepted in academics, politics, church leadership, business, or the military. Despite these prejudices, women saw an opportunity in the sciences. As a discipline based on observations and deductive reasoning it did not necessarily require a comprehensive academic background. Since most ...

... its membership fall from 500,000 in 1920 to 75,000 in 1928. The American Federation of Labor would fall from 5.1 million in 1920 to 3.4 million in 1929. "Technological unemployment" enters the nation's vocabulary; as many as 200,000 workers a year are replaced by automatic or semi-automatic machinery. Over the decade, about 1,200 mergers will swallow up more than 6,000 previously independent companies; by 1929, only 200 corporations will control over half of all American industry. By the end of the decade, the bottom 80 percent of all income-earners will be removed from the tax rolls completely. Taxes on the rich ...

... were being invaded and forced southwestward by nomadic hordes from central Asia. The migration, with the nomadic hordes, was turning into a course of destruction. These nomads who sowed tumult in the barbarian world were the Huns. It is believed that it was because of reaction to climate changes that desiccated their pastures, the Huns swept out of their Asiatic homeland and terrorized Western Europe. The course the Huns took was that of many raids. Their great chief Attila established his horde on the plain of the Danube and from there he led the Huns on raids into both Gaul and Italy. With Attila’s death in 453, ...

... libraries with histories, philosophy, and legends. These libraries would become the treasure of classical knowledge and the basis for thought that would follow. Augustine constantly was questioning beliefs and always reforming them to suit his new state of mind. For instance Augustine’s beliefs on religion were quite exploratory. To absolve himself from his lust of the fine flesh he abandoned Catholicism for Manicheism, which had the aspects of “a little Christian symbolism, a large dose of Zoroastrian dualism, and some of the quiet refinements of Buddhism. (49)�. Although this would not satisfy his inte ...

... the sprout has grown to about 3/4 the length of the grain and the hard part of the grain, or the shell, has turned soft. The goal for germination is for the starches within the grain to break down into shorter lengths. At this shorter length stage, the grain is called green malt. Kilning is the next stage after the grains have sprouted. Kilning is the process of drying the grain in the kiln where the temperature is slowly raised during the 30-35 hour period. After kilning, the result is finished malt, with soluble starches and developed enzymes. These grains each have a different and distinct flavor depending on how ...

... shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.� From the 1791 and until the beginning of the twentieth century the idea of “freedom of speech� and the “freedom of press� was not interfered in by the judicial system. And only during World War I did the Supreme Court actively start to work on the issue of the “freedom of speech/press� of the . In 1919 cases like Schenck vs. United States and Abram vs. United States did the new interpretation of the come into place. Schenck vs. United States was argued on January 9 and 10, 1919. The first charges were based on him breakin ...